High School Science Washington Standards

How is the availability of needed natural resources related to naturally occurring processes? How can natural hazards be predicted? How do human activities affect Earth systems? How do we know our global climate is changing?

How do the materials in and on Earth’s crust change over time? How does the movement of tectonic plates impact the surface of Earth? How does water influence weather, circulate in the oceans, and shape Earth’s surface? What factors interact and influence weather? How have living organisms changed the Earth and how have Earth’s changing conditions impacted living organisms?

What is Earth’s place in the Universe? What makes up our solar system and how can the motion of Earth explain seasons and eclipses? How do people figure out that the Earth and life on Earth have changed through time?

Earth’s Place in the Universe

Develop a model based on evidence to illustrate the life span of the sun and the role of nuclear fusion in the sun’s core to release energy in the form of radiation.

Construct an explanation of the Big Bang theory based on astronomical evidence of light spectra, motion of distant galaxies, and composition of matter in the universe.

Communicate scientific ideas about the way stars, over their life cycle, produce elements.

Use mathematical or computational representations to predict the motion of orbiting objects in the solar system.

Evaluate evidence of the past and current movements of continental and oceanic crust and the theory of plate tectonics to explain the ages of crustal rocks.

Apply scientific reasoning and evidence from ancient Earth materials, meteorites, and other planetary surfaces to construct an account of Earth’s formation and early history.

Earth’s Systems

Develop a model to illustrate how Earth’s internal and surface processes operate at different spatial and temporal scales to form continental and ocean-floor features.

Analyze geoscience data to make the claim that one change to Earth’s surface can create feedbacks that cause changes to other Earth systems. [ESE]

Develop a model based on evidence of Earth’s interior to describe the cycling of matter by thermal convection.

Use a model to describe how variation in the flow of energy into and out of Earth’s systems result in changes in climate. [Climate] [ESE]

Plan and conduct an investigation of the properties of water and its effects on Earth materials and surface processes. [ESE]

Develop a quantitative model to describe the cycling of carbon among the hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, and biosphere. [Climate] [ESE]

Construct an argument based on evidence about the simultaneous coevolution of Earth’s systems and life on Earth.

Earth and Human Activity

Use computational representation to illustrate the relationship among Earth systems and how those relationships are being modified due to human activity. [ESE]

Analyze geoscience data and results from global climate models to make an evidence-based forecast of the current rate of global or regional climate change and associated future impacts to Earth’s systems. [Climate] [ESE]

Evaluate or refine a technological solution that reduces impacts of human activities on natural systems. [Climate] [Engineering] [ESE]

Create a computational simulation to illustrate the relationships among the management of natural resources, the sustainability of human populations, and biodiversity. [ESE]

Evaluate competing design solutions for developing, managing, and utilizing energy and mineral resources based on cost-benefit ratios. [Climate] [Engineering] [ESE]

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the availability of natural resources, occurrence of natural hazards, and changes in climate have influenced human activity. [Climate] [ESE]

Use mathematical and computational thinking to qualitatively predict the motion of objects in the solar system, describe that the processes and elements produced within stars depend on the mass and age of the star, and apply evidence to construct an account of Earth’s formation and early history.

Develop and use models based on data and evidence to describe how changes in Earth’s internal and surface processes, especially climate, are caused by variations in energy flow into and out of Earth's systems at different size and time scales.

Use computational representations based on evidence to explain how human activity modifies relationships between and among Earth’s systems and human activity and to predict how the rate of a changing climate can impact Earth’s systems and human activity. Apply this understanding to solutions that reduce the impacts of human activities on natural systems.

Analyze a major global challenge to specify qualitative and quantitative criteria and constraints for solutions that account for societal needs and wants. [Climate] [ESE]

Design a solution to a complex real-world problem by breaking it down into smaller, more manageable problems that can be solved through engineering. [Climate] [ESE]

Evaluate a solution to a complex real-world problem based on prioritized criteria and trade-offs that account for a range of constraints, including cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetics as well as possible social, cultural, and environmental impacts. [Climate] [ESE]

Use a computer simulation to model the impact of proposed solutions to a complex real-world problem with numerous criteria and constraints on interactions within and between systems relevant to the problem. [Climate] [ESE]

Use modeling, investigation, and data to design, evaluate, and refine solutions to complex problems that can be solved through engineering; consider real-world criteria such as social, cultural, and environmental impacts in addition to constraints such as safety and reliability.

How can humans work with nature to design sustainable systems that benefit the environment, economy, and society for factors like public health, access to nature, and future access to natural resources?

Apply understanding of ecological, social, and economic systems to develop and communicate solutions for environmental issues at local, regional, national, tribal, and global scales.

Engage in place-based inquiry to gather, analyze, and evaluate information, modeling connections that explain one or more ways that humans can support natural and human-built environments for environmental sustainability or climate change resiliency.

Conduct a project that specifies a local influence on a global environmental problem, identifies solution paths, takes steps to solve the problem, and reports results to demonstrate the knowledge, attitudes, and understanding of personal and civic responsibility required to ensure environmental justice and sustainable communities.

Engage in place-based learning to understand how the natural world, urban systems, and the economy interact, and through project-based learning, identify and address environmental problems to support equitable and sustainable systems in scales from local to global.

What evidence shows that different species are related?

Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity

How are characteristics of one generation passed to the next? How can individuals of the same species and even siblings have different characteristics?

Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

How and why do organisms interact with their environment, and what are the effects of these interactions?

How do organisms live and grow?

From Molecule to Organisms: Structures and Processes

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells.

Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.

Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.

Use a model to illustrate how photosynthesis transforms light energy into stored chemical energy.

Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence for how carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from sugar molecules may combine with other elements to form amino acids and/or other large carbon-based molecules.

Use a model to illustrate that cellular respiration is a chemical process whereby the bonds of food molecules and oxygen molecules are broken and the bonds in new compounds are formed resulting in a net transfer of energy.

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

Use mathematical and/or computational representations to support explanations of factors that affect carrying capacity of ecosystems at different scales. [Climate] [ESE]

Use mathematical representations to support and revise explanations based on evidence about factors affecting biodiversity and populations in ecosystems of different scales. [Climate] [ESE]

Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence for the cycling of matter and flow of energy in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. [ESE]

Use mathematical representations to support claims or the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem. [Climate] [ESE]

Develop a model to illustrate the role of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cycling of carbon among the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. [Climate] [ESE]

Evaluate claims, evidence, and reasoning that the complex interactions in ecosystems maintain relatively consistent numbers and types of organisms in stable conditions, but changing conditions may result in a new ecosystem. [Climate] [ESE]

Design, evaluate, and refine a solution for reducing the impacts of human activities on the environment and biodiversity. [Climate] [Engineering] [ESE]

Evaluate the evidence for the role of group behavior on individual and species’ chances to survive and reproduce.

Ask questions to clarify relationships about the role of DNA and chromosomes in coding the instructions for characteristic traits passed from parents to offspring.

Make and defend a claim based on evidence that inheritable genetic variations may result from: (1) new genetic combinations through meiosis, (2) viable errors occurring during replication, and/or (3) mutations caused by environmental factors. [ESE]

Apply concepts of statistics and probability to explain the variation and distribution of expressed traits in a population.

Communicate scientific information that common ancestry and biological evolution are supported by multiple lines of empirical evidence.

Construct an explanation based on evidence that the process of evolution primarily results from four factors: (1) the potential for a species to increase in number, (2) the heritable genetic variation of individuals in a species due to mutation and sexual reproduction, (3) competition for limited resources, and (4) the proliferation of those organisms that are better able to survive and reproduce in the environment. [ESE]

Apply concepts of statistics and probability to support explanations that organisms with an advantageous heritable trait tend to increase in proportion to organisms lacking this trait.

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how natural selection leads to adaptation of populations.

Evaluate the evidence supporting claims that changes in environmental conditions may result in (1) increases in the number of individuals of some species, (2) the emergence of new species over time, and (3) the extinction of other species. [Climate] [ESE]

Create or revise a simulation to test a solution to mitigate adverse impacts of human activity on biodiversity. [Climate] [Engineering] [ESE]

Use evidence and develop models to explain the functioning of cells within organisms, including how cells use matter to create structures like proteins and more cells, and how cells transfer, store, and use energy.

Use mathematical representations and models to understand stability and change within ecosystems, considering the cycling of energy and matter, biodiversity, and carrying capacity. Apply this understanding to design a solution that would reduce human impacts on an ecosystem.

Ask questions and create claims to understand the relationship between traits in an organism and the role of DNA in inheriting expressed traits. Apply this understanding with concepts of statistics to explain the variation of traits in a population.

Use data, evidence, and mathematical reasoning to explain the process of evolution via natural selection. Apply this understanding to a solution to mitigate the adverse impacts of human activity on biodiversity.

How are waves used to transfer energy and send and store information?

How is energy transferred and conserved?

How can one explain and predict interactions between objects and within systems of objects?

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

How can one explain the structure, properties, and interactions of matter?

Matter and its Interactions

Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms.

Construct and revise an explanation for the outcome of a simple chemical reaction based on the outermost electron states of atoms, trends in the periodic table, and knowledge of the patterns of chemical properties.

Plan and conduct an investigation to gather evidence to compare the structure of substances at the bulk scale to infer the strength of electrical forces between particles.

Develop a model to illustrate that the release or absorption of energy from a chemical reaction system depends upon the changes in total bond energy.

Apply scientific principles and evidence to provide an explanation about the effects of changing the temperature or concentration of the reacting particles on the rate at which the reaction occurs. [ESE]

Refine the design of a chemical system by specifying a change in conditions that would produce increased amounts of products at equilibrium. [Engineering]

Use mathematical representations to support the claim that atoms, and therefore mass, are conserved during a chemical reaction.

Develop model to illustrate the changes in composition of the nucleus of the atom and the energy released during the processes of fission, fusion, and radioactive decay.

Analyze data to support the claim that Newton’s second law of motion describes the mathematical relationship among the net force on a macroscopic object, its mass, and its acceleration.

Use mathematical representations to support the claim that the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force on the system.

Apply scientific and engineering ideas to design, evaluate, and refine a device that minimizes the force on a macroscopic object during a collision. [Engineering]

Use mathematical representations of Newton’s Law of Gravitation and Coulomb’s Law to describe and predict the gravitational and electrostatic forces between objects.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that an electric current can produce a magnetic field and that a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current.

Communicate scientific and technical information about why the molecular-level structure is important in the functioning of designed materials. [Engineering]

Energy

Create a computational model to calculate the change in the energy of one component in a system when the change in energy of the other component(s) and energy flows in and out of the system are known.

Develop and use models to illustrate that energy at the macroscopic scale can be accounted for as a combination of energy associated with the motions of particles (objects) and energy associated with the relative positions of particles (objects).

Design, build, and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert one form of energy into another form of energy. [Engineering] [ESE]

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy when two components of different temperature are combined within a closed system results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system (second law of thermodynamics).

Develop and use a model of two objects interacting through electric or magnetic fields to illustrate the forces between objects and the changes in energy of the objects due to the interaction.

Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

Use mathematical representations to support a claim regarding relationships among the frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves traveling in various media.

Evaluate questions about the advantages of using digital transmission and storage of information.

Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning behind the idea that electromagnetic radiation can be described either by a wave model or a particle model, and that for some situations one model is more useful than the other.

Evaluate the validity and reliability of claims in published materials of the effects that different frequencies of electromatic radiation have when absorbed by matter. [Climate]

Communicate technical information about how some technological devices use the principles of wave behavior and wave interactions with matter to transmit and capture information and energy. [Engineering]

Develop and use models of atomic structures and patterns in data to understand the chemical properties of matter including outcomes of chemical reactions, nuclear reactions, and structures of substances. Apply this understanding to the energy of reactions, including rates and equilibrium with a refined design to increase the products of a reaction.

Plan an investigation, collect data, and use representations to create claims about relationships between net force, mass, and acceleration of a single object and about gravitational and electrostatic forces between objects, including magnets. Apply this understanding to systems of objects, designed materials, and collisions.

Use models and investigations to represent and understand the energy within objects and energy changes in systems. Apply this understanding through engineering a device that converts energy between forms and by relating how fields can change the energy of an object.

Evaluate the validity and reliability of claims behind the idea that electromagnetic radiation can be described by a wave model and a particle model, the effects different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation have when absorbed by matter, and how the interactions of electromagnetic radiation with matter can be used by technological devices to capture, store, and transmit information and energy.

Networks and the Internet

Impacts of Computing

Data and Analysis

Computing Systems

Algorithms and Programming

Use version control systems, integrated development environments (IDEs), and collaborating tools and practices (code documentation) in a group software project.

Demonstrate software life cycle processes (e.g., spiral, waterfall) by participating on software project teams (e.g., community service project with real-world clients).

Provide examples of computationally solvable problems and difficult-to-solve problems.

Explain the value of heuristic algorithms (discovery methods) to approximating solutions for difficult-to-solve computational problems.

Decompose a large-scale computational problem by identifying generalizable patterns and applying them in a solution.

Illustrate the flow of execution of a recursive algorithm.

Describe how parallel processing can be used to solve large problems (e.g., SETI at Home, FoldIt).

Develop and use a series of test cases to verify that a program performs according to its design specifications.

Critically analyze classic algorithms (e.g., sorting, searching) and use in different contexts, adapting as appropriate.

Evaluate algorithms (e.g., sorting, searching) in terms of their efficiency, correctness, and clarity.

Compare and contrast fundamental data structures and their uses (e.g., lists, maps, arrays, stacks, queues, trees, graphs).

Discuss issues that arise when breaking large-scale problems down into parts that must be processed simultaneously on separate systems (e.g., cloud computing, parallelization, concurrency).

Develop programs for multiple computing platforms (e.g., computer desktop, web, mobile).

Decompose a problem by creating new data types, functions, or classes.

Demonstrate code reuse by creating programming solutions using libraries and APIs (e.g., graphics libraries, maps API).

Implement an AI algorithm to play a game against a human opponent or solve a problem.

Evaluate key qualities of a program (e.g., correctness, usability, readability, efficiency, portability, scalability) through a process such as a code review.

Modify an existing program to add additional functionality and discuss intended and unintended implications (e.g., breaking other functionality).

Explain security issues that might lead to compromised computer programs (e.g., circular references, ambiguous program calls, lack of error checking and field size checking).

Compare a variety of programming languages and identify features that make them useful for solving different types of problems and developing different kinds of systems (e.g., declarative, logic, parallel, functional, compiled, interpreted, real-time).

Describe how artificial intelligence drives many software and physical systems (e.g., autonomous robots, computer vision, pattern recognition, text analysis).

Explain the role of operating systems (e.g., how programs are stored in memory, how data is organized/retrieved, how processes are managed and multi-tasked).

Identify the functionality of various categories of hardware components and communication between them (e.g., physical layers, logic gates, chips, input and output devices).

Use various data collection techniques for different types of problems (e.g., mobile device, GPS, user surveys, embedded system sensors, open data sets, social media data sets).

Explore security policies by implementing and comparing encryption and authentication strategies (e.g., secure coding, safeguarding keys).

Use data analysis to identify significant patterns in complex systems (e.g., take existing data sets and make sense of them).

Discuss how data sequences (e.g., binary, hexadecimal, octal) can be interpreted in a variety of forms (e.g., instructions, numbers, text, sound, image).

Evaluate the ability of models and simulations to formulate, refine, and test hypotheses.

Identify mathematical and computational patterns through modeling and simulation (e.g., regression, Runge-Kutta, queueing theory, discrete event simulation).

Design and implement a study that evaluates or predicts how computation has revolutionized an aspect of our culture and how it might evolve (e.g., education, healthcare, art/entertainment, energy).

Debate laws and regulations that impact the development and use of software.

Evaluate the impact of equity, access, and influence on the distribution of computing resources in a global society.

Select, observe, and contribute to global Collaborating in the development of a computational artifact (e.g., contribute the resolution of a bug in an open-source project hosted on GitHub).

Develop criteria to evaluate the beneficial and harmful effects of computing innovations on people and society.

Simulate and discuss the issues (e.g., bandwidth, load, delay, topology) that impact network functionality (e.g., use free network simulators).

Networks and the Internet

Impacts of Computing

Data and Analysis

Computing Systems

Algorithms and Programming

Design and develop a software artifact working in a team.

Demonstrate how diverse collaborating impacts the design and development of software products (e.g., discussing real-world examples of products that have been improved through having a diverse design team or reflecting on their own team's development experience).

Design algorithms using sequence, selection, and iteration.

Explain and demonstrate how modeling and simulation can be used to explore natural phenomena (e.g., flocking behaviors, queueing, life cycles).

Understand the notion of hierarchy and abstraction in high-level languages, translation, instruction sets, and logic circuits.

Deconstruct a complex problem into simpler parts using predefined constructs (e.g., functions and parameters and/or classes).

Demonstrate the value of abstraction for managing problem complexity (e.g., using a list instead of discrete variables).

Design, develop, and implement a computing artifact that responds to an event (e.g., robot that responds to a sensor, mobile app that responds to a text message, sprite that responds to a broadcast).

Use user-centered research and design techniques (e.g., surveys, interviews) to create software solutions

Integrate grade-level appropriate mathematical techniques, concepts, and processes in the creation of computing artifacts.

Use a systematic approach and debugging tools to independently debug a program (e.g., setting breakpoints, inspecting variables with a debugger).

Compare and contrast various software licensing schemes (e.g., open source, freeware, commercial).

Demonstrate the role and interaction of a computer embedded within a physical system, such as a consumer electronic, biological system, or vehicle, by creating a diagram, model, simulation, or prototype.

Describe the steps necessary for a computer to execute high compilation to machine language, interpretation, fetch-decode-execute

Create, extend, or modify existing programs to add new features and behaviors using different forms of inputs and outputs (e.g., inputs such as sensors, mouse clicks, data sets; outputs such as text, graphics, sounds).

Develop and apply criteria (e.g., power consumption, processing speed, storage space, battery life, cost, operating system) for evaluating a computer system for a given purpose (e.g., system specification needed to run a game, web browsing, graphic design or video editing).

Discuss techniques used to store, process, and retrieve different amounts of information (e.g., files, databases, data warehouses).

Apply basic techniques for locating and collecting small- and large-scale data sets (e.g., creating and distributing user surveys, accessing real-world data sets).

Convert between binary, decimal, and hexadecimal representations of data (e.g., convert hexadecimal color codes to decimal percentages, ASCII/Unicode representation).

Analyze the representation tradeoffs among various forms of digital information (e.g., lossy versus lossless compression, encrypted vs. unencrypted, various image representations).

Create computational models that simulate real-world systems (e.g., ecosystems, epidemics, spread of ideas).

Compare and debate the positive and negative impacts of computing on behavior and culture (e.g., evolution from hitchhiking to ridesharing apps, online accommodation rental services).

Demonstrate how computing enables new forms of experience, expression, communication, and collaborating.

Explain the impact of the digital divide (i.e., uneven access to computing, computing education, and interfaces) on access to critical information.

Debate the social and economic implications associated with ethical and unethical computing practices (e.g., intellectual property rights, hacktivism, software piracy, diesel emissions testing scandal, new computers shipped with malware).

Redesign user interfaces (e.g., webpages, mobile applications, animations) to be more inclusive, accessible, and minimizing the impact of the designer's inherent bias.

Compare and contrast information access and distribution rights.

Discuss implications of the collection and large-scale analysis of information about individuals (e.g., how businesses, social media, and government collect and use personal data).

Describe how computation shares features with art and music by translating human intention into an artifact.

Compare and contrast multiple viewpoints on cybersecurity (e.g., from the perspective of security experts, privacy advocates, the government).

Explain the principles of information security (confidentiality, integrity, availability) and authentication techniques.

Use simple encryption and decryption algorithms to transmit/receive an encrypted message.

Illustrate the basic components of computer networks (e.g., draw logical and topological diagrams of networks including routers, switches, servers, and end user devices; create model with string and paper).

Identify digital and physical strategies to secure networks and discuss the tradeoffs between ease of access and need for security.

Describe key protocols and underlying processes of Internet-based services (e.g., http/https and SMTP/IMAP, routing protocols).

Impacts of Computing

Algorithms and Programming

Data and Analysis

Networks and the Internet

Computing Systems

Compare various security measures, considering tradeoffs between the usability and security of a computing system.

Test and refine computational artifacts to reduce bias and equity deficits.

Evaluate the ways computing impacts personal, ethical, social, economic, and cultural practices.

Use tools and methods for collaboration on a project to increase connectivity of people in different cultures and career fields.

Design and develop computational artifacts working in team roles using collaborative tools.

Demonstrate ways a given algorithm applies to problems across disciplines.

Decompose problems into smaller components through systematic analysis, using constructs such as procedures, modules, and/or objects.

Recommend security measures to address various scenarios based on factors such as efficiency, feasibility, and ethical impacts

Use lists to simplify solutions, generalizing computational problems instead of repeatedly using simple variables.

Translate between different bit representations of real-world phenomena, such as characters, numbers, and images.

Evaluate the scalability and reliability of networks, by describing the relationship between routers, switches, servers, topology, and addressing.

Compare levels of abstraction and interactions between application software, system software, and hardware layers.

Explain how abstractions hide the underlying implementation details of computing systems embedded in everyday objects.

Create computational models that represent the relationships among different elements of data collected from a phenomenon or process.

Create interactive data visualizations using software tools to help others better understand real-world phenomena.

Systematically design and develop programs for broad audiences by incorporating feedback from users

Create artifacts by using procedures within a program, combinations of data and procedures, or independent but interrelated programs.

Design and iteratively develop computational artifacts for practical intent, personal expression, or to address a societal issue by using events to initiate instructions.

Justify the selection of specific control structures when tradeoffs involve implementation, readability, and program performance, and explain the benefits and drawbacks of choices made.

Create prototypes that use algorithms to solve computational problems by leveraging prior student knowledge and personal interests.

Develop guidelines that convey systematic troubleshooting strategies that others can use to identify and fix errors.

Evaluate and refine computational artifacts to make them more usable and accessible.

Explain the privacy concerns related to the collection and generation of data through automated processes that may not be evident to users.

Document – esign decisions using text, graphics, presentations, and/or demonstrations in the development of complex programs.

Explain tradeoffs when selecting and implementing cybersecurity recommendations.

Give examples to illustrate how sensitive data can be affected by malware and other attacks.

Evaluate the social and economic implications of privacy in the context of safety, law, or ethics.

Explain the beneficial and harmful effects that intellectual property laws can have on innovation.

Evaluate licenses that limit or restrict use of computational artifacts when using resources such as libraries.

Evaluate the tradeoffs in how data elements are organized and where data is stored.

Impacts of Computing

Algorithms and Programming

Data and Analysis

Networks and the Internet

Computing Systems

Evaluate the impact of equity, access, and influence on the distribution of computing resources in a global society.

Use version control systems, integrated development environments (IDEs), and collaborative tools and practices (code documentation) in a group software project.

Illustrate the flow of execution of a recursive algorithm.

Debate laws and regulations that impact the development and use of software.

Analyze a large-scale computational problem and identify generalizable patterns that can be applied to a solution.

Use data analysis tools and techniques to identify patterns in data representing complex systems.

Compare and contrast fundamental data structures and their uses.

Evaluate algorithms in terms of their efficiency, correctness, and clarity.

Use and adapt classic algorithms to solve computational problems.

Evaluate the ability of models and simulations to test and support the refinement of hypotheses.

Plan and develop programs for broad audiences using a software lifecycle process.

Develop programs for multiple computing platforms.

Construct solutions to problems using student-created components, such as procedures, modules and/or objects.

Modify an existing program to add additional functionality and discuss intended and unintended implications (e.g., breaking other functionality).

Demonstrate code reuse by creating programming solutions using libraries and APIs.

Implement an artificial intelligence algorithm to play a game against a human opponent or solve a problem.

Develop and use a series of test cases to verify that a program performs according to its design specifications.

Evaluate computational artifacts to maximize their beneficial effects and minimize harmful effects on society.

Evaluate key qualities of a program through a process such as a code review.

Predict how computational innovations that have revolutionized aspects of our culture might evolve.

Compare multiple programming languages and discuss how their features make them suitable for solving different types of problems.

Explain security issues that might lead to compromised computer programs.

Describe how artificial intelligence drives many software and physical systems.

Select data collection tools and techniques to generate data sets that support a claim or communicate information.

Compare ways software developers protect devices and information from unauthorized access.

Describe the issues that impact network functionality (e.g., bandwidth, load, delay, topology).

Illustrate ways computing systems implement logic, input, and output through hardware components.

Categorize the roles of operating system software.